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The Irish diaspora ((アイルランド語:Diaspóra na nGael)) refers to Irish people and their descendants who live outside Ireland. Since 1700 between 9 and 10 million people born in Ireland have emigrated. This is more than the population of Ireland at its historical peak in the 1830s of 8.5 million. The poorest of them went to Great Britain, especially Liverpool; those who could afford it, almost 5 million, went to the United States.〔J. Matthew Gallman, ''Receiving Erin's Children: Philadelphia, Liverpool, and the Irish Famine Migration, 1845-1855'' (2000)〕 After 1840, emigration from Ireland became a massive, relentless, and efficiently managed national enterprise.〔David Fitzpatrick, "Emigration, 1801–70", in ''A New History of Ireland, vol. V: Ireland under the Union, I, 1801–70'', ed. W. E. Vaughan (Oxford, 1989), 569; David Fitzpatrick, "Emigration, 1871–1921", in ''A New History of Ireland, vol. VI: Ireland under the Union, II, 1870–1921'', ed. W. E. Vaughan (Oxford, 1996), 607〕 In 1890 40% of Irish-born people were living abroad. By the 21st century, an estimated 80 million people worldwide claimed some Irish descent; which includes more than 36 million Americans who claim Irish as their primary ethnicity. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】 U.S. Census )〕 As recently as the second half of the nineteenth century the majority of Irish emigrants spoke Irish as their first language. This had social and cultural consequences for the cultivation of the language abroad, including innovations in journalism. The language continues to be cultivated abroad by a small minority as a literary and social medium.〔The cultural and linguistic contexts are discussed in: Ó hAnnracháin, Stiofán (ed.), 1979. ''Go Meiriceá Siar''. An Clóchomhar Tta, Baile Átha Cliath; Ihde, Thomas W. (ed.), 1994. ''The Irish Language in the United States: a historical, sociolinguistic and applied linguistic survey''. Bergin & Garvey. ISBN 0-89789-331-X; Noone, Val, 2012. ''Hidden Ireland in Victoria''. Ballarat Historical Services. ISBN 978-1-876478-83-4〕 In July 2014, the Irish Government appointed Jimmy Deenihan as Minister of State for the Diaspora. ==Definition== The term Irish diaspora is open to many interpretations. The diaspora, broadly interpreted, contains all those known to have Irish ancestors, i.e., over 100 million people, which is more than fifteen times the population of the island of Ireland, which was about 6.4 million in 2011. It has been argued the idea of an Irish diaspora, as distinct from the old identification of Irishness with Ireland itself, was influenced by the perceived advent of global mobility and modernity. Irishness could now be identified with dispersed individuals and groups of Irish descent. But many of those individuals were the product of complex ethnic intermarriage in America and elsewhere, complicating the idea of a single line of descent. “Irishness” might then rely primarily on individual identification with an Irish diaspora.〔Nash, Catherine (2008), ''Of Irish Descent: Origin Stories, Genealogy, and the Politics of Belonging'', Syracuse University Press, pp. 33-50. ISBN 9780815631590〕 The Government of Ireland defines the Irish diaspora as all persons of Irish nationality who habitually reside outside of the island of Ireland. This includes Irish citizens who have emigrated abroad and their children, who are Irish citizens by descent under Irish law. It also includes their grandchildren in cases where they were registered as Irish citizens in the Foreign Births Register held in every Irish diplomatic mission. (Great-grandchildren and even more distant descendants of Irish immigrants may also register as Irish citizens, but only if the parent through whom they claim descent was registered as a citizen before the descendant in question was born.) Under this legal definition, the Irish diaspora is considerably smaller—some 3 million persons, of whom 1.2 million are Irish-born emigrants. This is still a large ratio for any country. However, the usage of ''Irish diaspora'' is generally not limited by citizenship status, thus leading to an estimated (and fluctuating) membership of up to 80 million persons—the second and more emotive definition. The Irish Government acknowledged this interpretation—although it did not acknowledge any legal obligations to persons in this larger diaspora—when Article 2 of the Constitution of Ireland was amended in 1998 to read ''"()urthermore, the Irish nation cherishes its special affinity with people of Irish ancestry living abroad who share its cultural identity and heritage."'' The right to register as an Irish citizen terminates at the third generation (except as noted above). This contrasts with citizenship law in Italy, Israel, Japan and other countries which practice jus sanguinis or otherwise permit members of the diaspora to register as citizens. There are people of Irish descent abroad (including Irish speakers) who reject inclusion in an Irish "diaspora" and who designate their identity in other ways. They may see the diasporic label as something used by the Irish government for its own purposes.〔See, for example, 'Diaspóra éigin,' ''An Lúibín'', 22 Meitheamh 2015: http://www.gaeilgesanastrail.com/newsletter-ir.php: "Os a choinne sin, tig le daoine áirithe a rá gur de shliocht Éireannach iad ach nach daoine d’aon Diaspóra iad. Orthu sin tá údar an phíosa seo. Astrálach é nó ''citoyen du monde''. Gaeilge aige agus Béarla, agus teanga nó dhó eile. Agus níl sa Ghaeilge atá aige ach teanga de chuid a thíre féin".〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Irish diaspora」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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